In this exclusive interview with TPQ, Bernard Lewis attributes Turkey’s historical progress to the practice of self-critique and to the choice of women’s empowerment. These are also the qualities, if maintained and developed, that will ensure a bright future for Turkey, he states. Indicating that in Turkey “at the moment, the movement seems to be backwards rather than forward,” Lewis points out that Turks currently face a choice. About Turkey’s role in the Middle East, Lewis reflects skepticism but also hope, relaying the message that Turkey can indeed play a leading role in the Middle East but whether this will strengthen Turkey in the global arena or not depends on how Turkey uses this influence, to what end, and in what direction. Decisions made today, in areas such as to enable frank and critical discussion, to innovate, and to provide women with the full range of freedom will determine how the future of Turkey and of the region at large is shaped...